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Estimated Emission Reductions from California’s Enhanced Smog Check Program

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This Environmental Science & Technology paper estimates emission benefits of California’s Enhanced Smog Check program around 1999, using a “bottom-up” approach combining per-vehicle emission-rate reductions with activity by model year.
It is a frequently cited evidence source for quantifying how inspection and maintenance programs can reduce tailpipe emissions from the in-use fleet when well-designed and enforced.