Low-GWP Alternatives in Commercial Refrigeration: Propane, CO2 and HFO Case Studies

As countries phase out hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, they often need to make choices between high-GWP HFC alternatives and, when available, more climate-friendly alternatives. Depending on the alternatives selected, the increase in HFC emissions could partly offset the climate benefits achieved by the earlier reduction in ozone-depleting substance (ODS) emissions under the Montreal Protocol.