CCAC NDC Watch - Review of the Latest on Non-CO₂ Pollutants in National Climate Plans

Azerbaijan includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall mitigation target.  

To tackle methane emissions Azerbaijan highlights its endorsement of the Global Methane Pledge and joined the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership 2.0 (OGMP 2.0), aligning national oil and gas operations with global standards for methane monitoring, reporting, and reduction. It also references the Oil & Gas Decarbonization Charter (OGDC) launched at COP28, committing to Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 and Net-Zero operations by 2050. In the waste sector, Azerbaijan’s mitigation plan prioritises anaerobic digestion (AD) plants, biogas recovery, and wastewater treatment centers, alongside participation in the COP29 Declaration on Reducing Methane from Organic Waste, which emphasizes circular-economy practices and health co-benefits. 
 

Azerbaijan also highlights its ratification of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol in October 2025 and confirms its commitment to phasedown of HFCs.

Cross-cutting measures - such as the expansion of electric and low-emission transport, biofuel integration, and air-quality monitoring improvements - are positioned as co-beneficial for climate action, public health, and environmental quality.  

The Bahamas includes methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) within its greenhouse gas mitigation target and incorporates HFCs through the Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sector as part of its obligations under the Kigali Amendment, ratified in 2023.

In the waste sector, methane mitigation arises through waste-to-energy development, improved waste-management systems and planned methane-capture capacity. The NDC commits to HFC phase-down, including development of a Kigali Implementation Plan, import/export licensing systems, servicing-sector training and national inventory improvements. The NDC targets a 20% reduction in HFC use by 2030. 

Belarus’s NDC 3.0 outlines an economy-wide mitigation target to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 35% below 1990 levels by 2035, including methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs.

Belarus highlights the implementation of targeted policies to improve energy efficiency, reduce fossil fuel consumption through the introduction of low-carbon energy sources, develop electric transport, recycle waste and promote sustainable agriculture. The NDC also notes the co-benefits of emission reductions for environmental protection and public health. 

Bhutan's overall greenhouse gas mitigation target includes methane and nitrous oxide.  

Bhutan highlights processes to strengthen the integration of climate and environmental priorities. The NDC notes that Bhutan joined the Climate and Clean Air Coalition in 2025, and is currently developing a National SLCP Plan, Methane Roadmap and National Clean Air Action Plan to “to ensure simultaneous mitigation of SLCPs, CO2 and air pollution to realise multiple co-benefits.” 

Brunei Darussalam aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2035. The target includes methane and nitrous oxide, and covers the energy, industry, agriculture and waste sectors. 

Burundi includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall greenhouse gas mitigation target. It also includes air pollutants which have an indirect effect on climate - tropospheric ozone precursors (NOx, CO and NMVOCs) and SOx - within this overall target.  

Burundi identifies mitigation measures including renewable energy expansion, improved cookstoves, biogas, waste management, and clean transport. Air quality is described as explicit co-benefit from the reduction of the open burning of waste. 

Cabo Verde includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall mitigation target. To achieve this target the NDC identifies measures including electric mobility, recycling and reuse of waste, sustainable composting and biogas for energy.  

Cabo Verde aims to replace imported fluorinated gases with alternative substances with lower global warming potential (GWP), in accordance with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, reaching 80% by 2030.

The NDC also highlights the role of heat and dust early warning systems, to protect population health and to reduce respiratory related hospital admissions on dusty days.

China’s 2025 NDC targets a 7–10% reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions compared to its economy-wide emission peak. For the first time, China includes non-CO2 pollutants in its target including methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide. 

China highlights the publication and implementation of its Action Plan for Methane Emission Control, as well as additional action plans targeting nitrous oxide and HFCs. China explicitly commits to actively controlling methane emissions across the energy, agriculture, and waste sectors, including from coal mining, manure management, biogas production, and fertiliser use. China also plans to establish a comprehensive monitoring, reporting, and inventory system for non-CO₂ gases. 

The NDC notes the development of an integrated emission inventory for air pollutants and GHGs and highlights how "electricity conversion" and clean heating - which has replaced coal burning- have contributed 30% to the improvement of regional air quality. 

Costa Rica’s NDC includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in the scope of its overall mitigation target.  

The NDC includes measures in the energy and transport sector including electrification of vehicles - noting that the lower emissions of pollutants in the vehicle fleet contributes to improved human health - the expansion of renewable electricity supply and improved energy efficiency. In the waste sector, measures support reductions in methane through improved waste management, including enhanced recycling, composting and complementary actions aligned with the National Composting Plan.

Côte d’Ivoire’s NDC targets a 33.07 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035 compared with the BAU scenario, with a potential 74.3 % cut conditional on international support. The overall target covers all sectors and gases, including methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs alongside the other Kyoto basket gases.  

The NDC quantifies the emissions reduction potential of measures to address HFC emissions: "The targeted measures would allow a 50 to 70% reduction in HFC consumption by 2035, resulting in a decisive impact on controlling emissions with high global warming potential.”  

Key measures to address other SLCPs include reducing methane emissions from waste through landfill gas recovery, composting, and circular-economy initiatives; mitigating methane and nitrous oxide from agriculture via climate-smart rice cultivation, improved livestock management, and elimination of open burning; and phasing down HFCs in cooling systems.  

Air quality co-benefits are not explicitly stated but are expected to result from actions promoting clean cooking fuels, efficiency in industry and transport, and expansion of renewables to 46.3 % of the power mix by 2035. 

Djibouti’s revised NDC includes methane and nitrous oxide within the scope of its mitigation target. These gases are addressed across the energy, agriculture, and waste sectors.  

In the waste sector methane is address through measures such as large-scale composting of organic waste, and the gasification of municipal waste. In the agriculture sector measures include improved livestock and land management practices.  

Djibouti explicitly links several mitigation options with improved air quality and health benefits. For example, electrification of transport will contribute to reductions in particulate pollution and respiratory illness, while clean cooking measure will reduce exposure to indoor air pollution.  

The European Union's economy wide target covers methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs within the scope of its legally binding mitigation targets.  

The document highlights action on methane, identifying it as a priority area for accelerated emission reductions. For example, the EU Methane Regulation, which addresses methane emissions across the oil, gas and coal sectors within the EU, while also targeting emissions embedded in imported fossil fuels. The NDC notes that, under regulatory assumptions combined with the Fit-for-55 framework, up to 77% of methane emissions in these sectors projected for 2030 can be reduced cost-effectively.  

The NDC sets out the EU’s international leadership as co-chair of the Global Methane Pledge, and emphasises substantial EU support for global methane abatement through both the UNEP International Methane Emissions Observatory and the Climate and Clean Air Coalition. 

The NDC also highlights firm commitments on HFCs, outlining a significantly tightened EU F-gases Regulation with a binding trajectory culminating in a total HFC phase-out by 2050.  

Maritime emissions of methane and nitrous oxide will be brought under the EU ETS from 2026, extending carbon-pricing incentives to these gases in the transport sector. In agriculture, the ICTU annex highlights measures such as improved fertiliser-use efficiency and soil-management practices, supported by quantified mitigation potential linked to nitrous oxide reductions.  

Across the energy, transport, industry and buildings sectors, the NDC highlights that the transition away from fossil fuels provides clear benefits for air quality and human health, placing these gains within the rationale for accelerated action. The NDC also introduces strengthened monitoring of non-CO₂ climate effects from aviation, including soot particles, water vapour, nitrous oxides and oxidised sulphur species, with mandatory reporting requirements beginning in 2025.  

Fiji includes methane and nitrous oxide in the scope and coverage of its overall greenhouse gas mitigation target.  

Fiji commits to methane reductions from its only sanitary landfill and largest wastewater treatment plant and includes livestock methane mitigation measures.  

Guinea includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide in the scope of its overall target. F gases are included for the first time and Guinea reaffirms its commitment under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.  

Many of the mitigation measures identified - such as renewable energy expansion, cleaner cooking, and waste management improvements – will reduce emissions of SLCPs.  

Indonesia pledges to reduce its emissions by 31.89% (unconditionally) to 43.20% (conditionally) by 2030 compared to the Business-as-Usual scenario. The mitigation target include methane, nitrous oxide and HFCS, covering five key sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Waste, Agriculture, and Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU). 

Iraq’s NDC includes methane and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall mitigation target. The NDC formally identifies short-lived climate pollutants as a national priority area and designates the oil and gas, energy, and waste sectors as the principal sources requiring targeted SLCP mitigation.

In the oil and gas sector, priority SLCP measures include strengthening methane monitoring, leak detection and repair (LDAR), reducing routine flaring, closing non-compliant facilities, and installing vapour-recovery units. In the waste sector, methane mitigation is addressed through landfill-gas capture, improved waste-management systems, recycling, and waste-to-energy initiatives. Open waste burning - identified in the NDC as a source of particulates and methane - is included within the SLCP-priority actions.  

In the transport sector, Iraq outlines actions to lower pollutant emissions, including expansion of public transport (rail and Bus Rapid Transit), fuel-efficiency standards, and increased deployment of electric vehicles and LPG-fuelled vehicles.  

The NDC links air pollution with health consequences, noting rising dust and sandstorms, reduced air quality, and associated respiratory and psychological health burdens. It highlights the need to reduce pollutant exposure, particularly in vulnerable communities.  

The Kyrgyz Republic include methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs within the scope of its overall target. While not included in the overall target, the country highlights that it tracks indirect greenhouse gases and precursors, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide(CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and sulphur dioxide (SO₂). 
 

The NDC includes actions to reduce methane emissions from agriculture and waste management, such as improved manure management, expansion of organic farming, and management of organic waste and methane. It references the implementation of the Kigali Amendment through strengthened HFC accounting and phasedown measures in the industrial sector.  

Co-benefits for air quality and health are emphasised through energy efficiency in buildings, gasification, renewable energy development, and promotion of low-emission transport. Adaptation measures also highlight improved air quality, climate-resilient health systems, and sustainable water and wastewater management.  

Malaysia's NDC covers methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in the scope and coverage of its overall target. The NDC highlights measures in the transport, agriculture and waste sector to achieve this target. In particular, Malaysia highlights efforts "to scale up methane capture from solid waste management and industrial wastewater treatment facilities, in line with the global stocktake call to substantially reduce non-CO₂ emissions, particularly methane, by 2030." 

Mauritania’s NDC has an unconditional commitment of 8.1% greenhouse gas emissions reduction compared to BAU and a conditional commitment of 67.23 %. It includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in the overall target.

In order to achieve their target, Mauritania identifies a number of measures. In the agriculture sector, these include the control of ruminant diet which is expected to reduce methane emissions (3,972 GtCO2e in 2023), more efficient use of fertlisers, use of cover crops. In the waste sector measures include production of biogas from municipal solid waste.

The NDC highlights air pollution as an impact of climate change, and the negative impact it has on school children and their families in particular, and air quality improvement as a cobenefit of mitigation. 

Mozambique includes methane and nitrous oxide within the scope of the overall mitigation target in its draft NDC.  

The NDC also highlights Mozambique’s low international ranking in terms of air quality and waste treatment; reinforcing pollution control and sustainable environmental management as a cornerstone on the path towards low-carbon development and increasing Mozambique's resilience to climate change. 

Paraguay’s NDC sets a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in 2035 as compared to BAU projections. Methane and HFCs are included in this overall target.  

Paraguay highlights a National Strategy for SLCPs which promotes the implementation of cost-effective and high-impact mitigation measures, prioritising actions in key sectors such as transportation, agriculture, energy, and waste. The NDC notes that the implementation of this strategy will generate immediate climate, health, and environmental benefits, improve air quality and contribute to the commitments made under the Paris Agreement.

Paraguay aims to reduce the consumption of HFCs through freezing and reduction of domestic imports, with the objective of achieving the obligations established in Law No. 6125/18, which approves Paraguay’s ratification of the Kigali Amendment. 

Peru commits to limiting its greenhouse gas emissions to no more than 179 MtCO₂e in 2035. The scope of the mitigation target covers methane, nitrous oxide, and HFCs.  

Methane mitigation measures include participation in the Global Methane Pledge and actions to reduce emissions from waste through improved public policies for minimisation, recovery and disposal; biogas capture and utilisation in landfills; and energy generation from wastewater treatment plants. In agriculture, measures include shifting rice cultivation to permanent crops and applying intermittent dry techniques.

Peru has also adopted regulatory measures to reduce HFC consumption, with planned reductions of 30% by 2035 and 80% by 2045, in line with the Kigali Amendment of the Montreal Protocol.  

Rwanda includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs within the scope and coverage of its overall mitigation target.  

Rwanda highlights that it priortises the reduction of SLCPs and air quality improvement through vehicle emissions standards, regulate imports and enhance traffic management, adoption of efficient cookstoves to reduce emissions from traditional cooking methods, reduction of enteric fermentation and improved manure management, reduction of HFCs emissions under refrigeration and air conditioning measures, improved solid waste and waste water treatment and national air quality monitoring systems to track air pollutant levels.  

South Africa includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs within the scope of its economy-wide mitigation target, covering the energy, transport, industrial, waste, agriculture and land-use sectors.

The NDC outlines a phased decarbonisation trajectory, with a focus on the electricity sector during the 2020s, a combined electricity and transport transition during the 2030s, and wider action in hard-to-mitigate sectors from the 2040s onwards. The NDC highlights socioeconomic considerations in the context of a just transition and notes that mitigation actions are expected to yield air-quality benefits.

Thailand includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide in its overall mitigation target.  

Measures are identified across the energy, transport, IPPU, agriculture and waste sectors.  Measures such as alternate wetting and drying and landfill gas capture and utilisation are expected to reduce methane emissions, while reducing stubble burning will reduce emissions of black carbon. 

Türkiye includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide under its economy-wide mitigation target, which covers all IPCC gases.  

The NDC reaffirms commitment to the Kigali Amendment, highlighting HFC phasedown measures such as licensing, leakage prevention and quota systems for 2023–2024.

The NDC notes integration of climate and air-quality objectives, referencing the Clean Air Action Subsidising Framework Program and the By-Law on Management of Industrial Emissions (effective December 2025). These frameworks aim to reduce both greenhouse gases and air pollutants simultaneously. 

Ukraine’s NDC sets a greenhouse gas mitigation target of 65% below 1990 levels by 2030, with alignment to climate neutrality by 2050. This target covers all Kyoto Basket gases including methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs.

The NDC reaffirms commitments to renewable-energy expansion, energy-efficiency measures, coal phase-out, reduced fossil-fuel use, deployment of low-emission technologies and reductions in non-CO₂ gases, in particular methane.  

Uzbekistan’s NDC 3.0 targets a 50% reduction in GHG emissions per unit of GDP by 2035 relative to 2010, covering methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs across all major sectors. The target is economy-wide and unconditional.

The NDC introduces highlights that “rapid and targeted reduction of methane and other SLCPs can decrease warming by 0.5°C by 2050.” Uzbekistan also notes its participation in the Global Methane Pledge, reaffirming its commitment to methane reduction.

Key mitigation measures include expansion of renewable energy, railway electrification, public-transport development, cleaner vehicles in the energy and transport sectors, manure-to-biogas and pasture rehabilitation in agriculture, and methane capture and recycling in the waste sector. 

Venezuela's NDC establishes an overall greenhouse gas mitigation target of a 20% below BAU by 2030, which includes methane, HFCs, nitrous oxide as well as tropospheric ozone precursors and sulphur dioxide. The NDC also details packages of 37 sets of mitigation measures which each include quantified activity and/or mitigation targets which include, where applicable, methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, and tropospheric ozone precursors (in CO2e).  

Addressing air pollution and improving public health are co-benefits of a number of specific measures such as the transition to renewables and measures in the transport sector. The packages of measures also include detailed analysis of the legal mechanisms, implementing entities, MRV indicators, timebound implementation plans, implementation costs and needs for financing for each measure. 

Zambia’s updated NDC 3.0 expands sectoral coverage to ten sectors, adding tourism, IPPU, green buildings and water security to those previously included. This broadening supports a move towards an economy-wide approach. The NDC references methane and black carbon as SLCPs.

The NDC identifies health as a cross-cutting consideration. It notes the relationship between greenhouse gases, air pollution and population health, and highlights leading sectoral sources of PM2.5, black carbon and methane. It also highlights methane’s role as a tropospheric ozone precursor.