How are automobile fuel quality standards guaranteed? Evidence from Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam

This paper aims to demonstrate the governance of gasoline/diesel supply policies and fuel quality management policies in Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam). Authors highlight two aspects of fuel quantity and quality management by looking at 1) automobile fuel supply policy and refinery development, and 2) emission regulation and fuel quality monitoring systems (FQM). This research allows us to visualize emission regulation time schedules with refinery updates and fuel quality regulations (Tables 2, 3 and 4). Authors composed specific data from the real world to create tables on the time schedule from refinery update, vehicle emission introduction to fuel quality. This allows to understand why fuel quality regulations were delayed in the past and when they will be improved in the future, from a realistic point of view. Authors also visualized the flow of FQM operation (Figs. 1, 2 and 3) which can be developed from the different market structure of each country. FQM can be summarized as 4 incentives and disincentives: trace causes, sample size, frequency of inspection and strict punishment as a design of FQM operation. The specific case studies may suggest policy direction and influence scenario analysis on fuel quality improvement.