CCAC NDC Watch

Angola’s NDC underscores the co-benefits of its mitigation activities for public health and air quality. For example, the NDC notes that capturing and using methane from landfills to generates electricity not only reduces emissions but also improves hygiene and public health in urban areas. These co-benefits are also highlighted in relation to the implementation of hydroelectric and solar projects and the electrification of public transport, particularly buses in high-density areas.

Azerbaijan includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall mitigation target.  

To tackle methane emissions Azerbaijan highlights its endorsement of the Global Methane Pledge and joined the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership 2.0 (OGMP 2.0), aligning national oil and gas operations with global standards for methane monitoring, reporting, and reduction. It also references the Oil & Gas Decarbonization Charter (OGDC) launched at COP28, committing to Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 and Net-Zero operations by 2050. In the waste sector, Azerbaijan’s mitigation plan prioritises anaerobic digestion (AD) plants, biogas recovery, and wastewater treatment centers, alongside participation in the COP29 Declaration on Reducing Methane from Organic Waste, which emphasizes circular-economy practices and health co-benefits. 
 

Azerbaijan also highlights its ratification of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol in October 2025 and confirms its commitment to phasedown of HFCs.

Cross-cutting measures - such as the expansion of electric and low-emission transport, biofuel integration, and air-quality monitoring improvements - are positioned as co-beneficial for climate action, public health, and environmental quality. 

Methane, nitrous oxides and HFCs are included in Australia’s overall mitigation target. The NDC notes how HFC phase down contribute to its overall mitigation target, toward an 85% reduction from baseline in 2036.  

The NDC also mentions Australia's commitment under the Global Methane Pledge and notes the air pollution and public health co-benefits (with associated cost savings) of implementation of mitigation measures.

The Bahamas includes methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) within its greenhouse gas mitigation target and incorporates HFCs through the Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sector as part of its obligations under the Kigali Amendment, ratified in 2023.

In the waste sector, methane mitigation arises through waste-to-energy development, improved waste-management systems and planned methane-capture capacity. The NDC commits to HFC phase-down, including development of a Kigali Implementation Plan, import/export licensing systems, servicing-sector training and national inventory improvements. The NDC targets a 20% reduction in HFC use by 2030. 

Bangladesh’s NDC addresses super pollutants through: methane reductions in rice cultivation, livestock manure management, and wastewater treatment; precision fertiliser use to curb nitrous oxide emissions; and a 10% HFC phasedown in line with its commitment under the Kigali Amendment. 

Barbados’ overall mitigation target covers methane, nitrous oxide, and HFCs.  

Barbados underscores its commitment to the phase down of HFCs under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol through a section on Cooling and Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Management. Barbados outlines a number of plans and measures including  the 2022 National Cooling Strategy, which advances phase-down of HFCs and transition to low-GWP, energy-efficient refrigeration and air-conditioning technologies in line with the Kigali Amendment.  

Methane reduction is targeted through waste sector actions - a new landfill with methane flaring by 2028, a 20% reduction in solid waste generation by 2030, and a 9 MW waste-to-energy plant by 2035. Transport electrification and clean-energy transition measures identified in the NDC are also expected to contribute to co-benefits for air quality and reduced black-carbon and ozone-precursor emissions.

Belarus’s NDC 3.0 outlines an economy-wide mitigation target to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 35% below 1990 levels by 2035, including methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs.

Belarus highlights the implementation of targeted policies to improve energy efficiency, reduce fossil fuel consumption through the introduction of low-carbon energy sources, develop electric transport, recycle waste and promote sustainable agriculture. The NDC also notes the co-benefits of emission reductions for environmental protection and public health. 

Bhutan's overall greenhouse gas mitigation target includes methane and nitrous oxide.  

Bhutan highlights processes to strengthen the integration of climate and environmental priorities. The NDC notes that Bhutan joined the Climate and Clean Air Coalition in 2025, and is currently developing a National SLCP Plan, Methane Roadmap and National Clean Air Action Plan to “to ensure simultaneous mitigation of SLCPs, CO2 and air pollution to realise multiple co-benefits.” 

Bolivia includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in its overall mitigation target.  The NDC highlights methane as a target of agriculture and waste measures and also highlights the reduction of air pollution in urban areas as a result of a transition to electric vehicles. 

Brunei Darussalam aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2035. The target includes methane and nitrous oxide, and covers the energy, industry, agriculture and waste sectors. 

Burundi includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall greenhouse gas mitigation target. It also includes air pollutants which have an indirect effect on climate - tropospheric ozone precursors (NOx, CO and NMVOCs) and SOx - within this overall target.  

Burundi identifies mitigation measures including renewable energy expansion, improved cookstoves, biogas, waste management, and clean transport. Air quality is described as explicit co-benefit from the reduction of the open burning of waste. 

Cambodia’s NDC includes super pollutants in a number of ways:  

• Cambodia commits to phasing down HFCs conditionally by 1.8 MtCO₂e and conditionally 2.4 MtCO₂e over a 10-year period.  
• Cambodia describes its intention to reduce methane through the measures it identifies:

Promote improved rice straw management practices by discouraging open-field burning and encouraging alternative uses such as composting, mulching, biochar production, or incorporation into soil, combined with improved water management to avoid long anaerobic periods that could lead to methane emissions.

Encourage the adoption of feed additives in cattle production systems to improve feed efficiency, enhance animal health, and reduce enteric methane emissions.  

Air quality is a major co-benefit identified for many measures. Air quality measures are included as adaptation measures, including strengthening AQ monitoring and regulation, with a goal of extending both to black carbon. Cambodia highlights the role of improved air quality in strengthening health resilience.

Cabo Verde includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall mitigation target. To achieve this target the NDC identifies measures including electric mobility, recycling and reuse of waste, sustainable composting and biogas for energy.  

Cabo Verde aims to replace imported fluorinated gases with alternative substances with lower global warming potential (GWP), in accordance with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, reaching 80% by 2030.

The NDC also highlights the role of heat and dust early warning systems, to protect population health and to reduce respiratory related hospital admissions on dusty days.

Not only does Chile's NDC include methane and nitrous oxide and HFCs in the scope of its overall greenhouse gas mitigation target, it sets specific quantified targets for methane and black carbon and makes qualitative statements about how it intends to reduce HFCs.  

• By 2025, Chile commits to reversing the upward trend in national methane emissions (excluding LULUCF). Additionally, it commits to a 10% reduction by 2035, compared to peak emissions.
• Improve air quality by reducing concentrations of fine particulate matter through targeted actions on black carbon (BC) emissions: (a) by 2030 reduce BC emissions by at least 25% compared to 2016 levels; (b) by 2035, reduce BC emissions by at least 30% compared to 2016 levels; (c) by 2035, achieve PM2.5 concentrations equal to or less than 18 μg/m3 moving towards the levels recommended by the WHO.

Chile's NDC 3.0 is also explicit about the link between air pollution and climate change, short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) and the benefits of integrated action. It links methane to tropospheric ozone formation, and highlights the health effects of air pollution. It outlines air pollution planning and SLCP mitigation as an important component of subnational action.  

China’s 2025 NDC targets a 7–10% reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions compared to its economy-wide emission peak. For the first time, China includes non-CO2 pollutants in its target including methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide. 

China highlights the publication and implementation of its Action Plan for Methane Emission Control, as well as additional action plans targeting nitrous oxide and HFCs. China explicitly commits to actively controlling methane emissions across the energy, agriculture, and waste sectors, including from coal mining, manure management, biogas production, and fertiliser use. China also plans to establish a comprehensive monitoring, reporting, and inventory system for non-CO₂ gases. 

The NDC notes the development of an integrated emission inventory for air pollutants and GHGs and highlights how "electricity conversion" and clean heating - which has replaced coal burning- have contributed 30% to the improvement of regional air quality. 

Colombia’s draft NDC, Transformaciones para la Vida, establishes an economy-wide greenhouse gas reduction pathway toward net-zero emissions by 2050, with intermediate targets for 2035. The NDC does not list the gases covered by the national mitigation goal, and these are expected to be communicated in the final version of NDC. The NDC reaffirms Colombia’s participation in the Global Methane Pledge, and includes measures in the waste, fossil fuel and agriculture sectors that will reduce emissions of methane.

The NDC introduces an explicit black carbon reduction target, committing to a 40 percent reduction below 2014 levels by 2030. Three key strategies are identified to achieve this: (1) Implementation of Euro IV (2015) and Euro VI (2023) emission standards for on-road diesel vehicles. (2) Introduction of Tier 4 Interim (Stage IIIB) emission standards for off-road machinery nationwide. (3) Progressive reduction of agricultural residue burning across key crop systems.

The NDC also includes a commitment to reduce the use of high-global-warming-potential refrigerants framed under a circular economy approach, described as: “The reduction in the use of ozone-depleting substances with high global warming potential, accompanied by technological advancements in domestic refrigeration and air conditioning.”

Costa Rica’s NDC includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in the scope of its overall mitigation target.  

The NDC includes measures in the energy and transport sector including electrification of vehicles - noting that the lower emissions of pollutants in the vehicle fleet contributes to improved human health - the expansion of renewable electricity supply and improved energy efficiency. In the waste sector, measures support reductions in methane through improved waste management, including enhanced recycling, composting and complementary actions aligned with the National Composting Plan.

Côte d’Ivoire’s NDC targets a 33.07 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035 compared with the BAU scenario, with a potential 74.3 % cut conditional on international support. The overall target covers all sectors and gases, including methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs alongside the other Kyoto basket gases.  

The NDC quantifies the emissions reduction potential of measures to address HFC emissions: "The targeted measures would allow a 50 to 70% reduction in HFC consumption by 2035, resulting in a decisive impact on controlling emissions with high global warming potential.”  

Key measures to address other SLCPs include reducing methane emissions from waste through landfill gas recovery, composting, and circular-economy initiatives; mitigating methane and nitrous oxide from agriculture via climate-smart rice cultivation, improved livestock management, and elimination of open burning; and phasing down HFCs in cooling systems.  

Air quality co-benefits are not explicitly stated but are expected to result from actions promoting clean cooking fuels, efficiency in industry and transport, and expansion of renewables to 46.3 % of the power mix by 2035. 

Cuba has submitted an updated NDC that specifies a set of policies and measures that represent its commitment to climate change mitigation. Many of these actions, including renewable electricity generation, expanding the share of electric vehicles, will also reduce black carbon and other air pollutants. Two measures identified in the NDC are noteworthy for their SLCP reduction potential. First, Cuba commits to reduce emissions from its dairy cattle. Currently, 36% of Cuba’s greenhouse gas emissions are from methane, the majority of which comes from livestock. Cuba’s NDC notes that the livestock population is projected to double by 2050, which could lead to a substantial increase in methane emissions. Cuba outlines that changes to the dairy cattle diet, improved manure management, and expanding silvopastoral systems will all be implemented to reduce methane emissions from this sector. 

Secondly, wastewater is an often overlooked methane source that emits as much methane as solid waste but is substantially less covered within NDCs. Cuba commits to improving the treatment of wastewater from sugar refineries. Organic matter in the water effluent from sugar processing plants can decompose and release significant quantities of methane. Cuba commits to implementing improved wastewater management at 11 sugar refineries. CCAC work has shown in Mexico that sugar processing is also a substantial source of black carbon emissions. It may therefore be helpful to consider integrated strategies to deal with both methane and black carbon to multiply the benefits from action in sugarcane processing.    

Djibouti’s revised NDC includes methane and nitrous oxide within the scope of its mitigation target. These gases are addressed across the energy, agriculture, and waste sectors.  

In the waste sector methane is address through measures such as large-scale composting of organic waste, and the gasification of municipal waste. In the agriculture sector measures include improved livestock and land management practices.  

Djibouti explicitly links several mitigation options with improved air quality and health benefits. For example, electrification of transport will contribute to reductions in particulate pollution and respiratory illness, while clean cooking measure will reduce exposure to indoor air pollution.  

Eswatini’s NDC 3.0 includes super pollutants within its overall mitigation target, explicitly listing methane, HFCs, black carbon, and other air pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO₂), ammonia (NH₃), carbon monoxide (CO), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs).  

The NDC contains a quantified HFC phase-down plan aligned with the Kigali Amendment, freezing consumption at 2024 levels, reducing by 10 percent by 2030 and 80 percent by 2045, alongside substitution with low-GWP refrigerants and recovery systems.  

Methane mitigation measures are included, including improved manure management, adoption of climate-smart agriculture, and methane-reduction strategies in communal grazing areas by 2030. While targets and measures related to black carbon and particulate matter emissions include a 30 percent reduction in open burning of waste by 2035, clean-cooking expansion, non-incineration medical-waste technologies, cleaner transport and fuel standards, and community-based fire management.

Ethiopia’s NDC highlights methane as key to mitigation in the livestock sector, highlighting measures to improve productivity, enhance feed efficiency, and shift herds toward small ruminants and poultry to reduce methane intensity. Waste-sector actions include expansion of climate-resilient disposal sites and improved management practices that further lower emissions.  

Other measures in the energy and transport sectors, including large-scale renewable power generation, promotion of clean cooking, and an electric-vehicle strategy with a ban on new internal-combustion-engine imports, are expected to cut emissions and reduce urban air pollution.

The European Union's economy wide target covers methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs within the scope of its legally binding mitigation targets.  

The document highlights action on methane, identifying it as a priority area for accelerated emission reductions. For example, the EU Methane Regulation, which addresses methane emissions across the oil, gas and coal sectors within the EU, while also targeting emissions embedded in imported fossil fuels. The NDC notes that, under regulatory assumptions combined with the Fit-for-55 framework, up to 77% of methane emissions in these sectors projected for 2030 can be reduced cost-effectively.  

The NDC sets out the EU’s international leadership as co-chair of the Global Methane Pledge, and emphasises substantial EU support for global methane abatement through both the UNEP International Methane Emissions Observatory and the Climate and Clean Air Coalition.

The NDC also highlights firm commitments on HFCs, outlining a significantly tightened EU F-gases Regulation with a binding trajectory culminating in a total HFC phase-out by 2050.  

Maritime emissions of methane and nitrous oxide will be brought under the EU ETS from 2026, extending carbon-pricing incentives to these gases in the transport sector. In agriculture, the ICTU annex highlights measures such as improved fertiliser-use efficiency and soil-management practices, supported by quantified mitigation potential linked to nitrous oxide reductions.  

Across the energy, transport, industry and buildings sectors, the NDC highlights that the transition away from fossil fuels provides clear benefits for air quality and human health, placing these gains within the rationale for accelerated action. The NDC also introduces strengthened monitoring of non-CO₂ climate effects from aviation, including soot particles, water vapour, nitrous oxides and oxidised sulphur species, with mandatory reporting requirements beginning in 2025.  

The Federated States of Micronesia's (FSM) includes methane and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall mitigation target. Although HFCs are not included in this overall target, FSM commits to a 10 percent reduction in HFCs by 2029 and 30 percent by 2035 in line with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Measures include monitoring imports, preventing refrigerant leaks, and transitioning to low-global-warming-potential alternatives.

Methane reduction is a major focus in the waste and agriculture sectors. Waste measures include improving landfill management, promoting composting, and deploying anaerobic biodigesters for household and piggery waste. These actions in the waste sector are expected to achieve a 12 percent reduction in methane emissions below 2020 levels, avoiding approximately 77 kt CO₂e by 2035. In the agriculture sector, measures included enhancing livestock productivity and the use of compost-based organic fertilizers.

FSM notes that black carbon reductions are expected from energy and transport actions that replace diesel generation with renewable electricity - targeted to reach 80 percent by 2035, which could reduce black carbon emissions 65%.

Fiji includes methane and nitrous oxide in the scope and coverage of its overall greenhouse gas mitigation target.  

Fiji commits to methane reductions from its only sanitary landfill and largest wastewater treatment plant and includes livestock methane mitigation measures.  

Guinea includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide in the scope of its overall target. F gases are included for the first time and Guinea reaffirms its commitment under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.  

Many of the mitigation measures identified - such as renewable energy expansion, cleaner cooking, and waste management improvements – will reduce emissions of SLCPs.  

The NDC for Holy See and the Vatican City covers methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide in the scope and coverage of its overall target. To achieve this target, the NDC outlines measures across energy, industrial processes and product use, land use, and forestry.  

Honduras’ overall mitigation target includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs as well as non-methane volatile organic compounds. The target covers the energy, industry agriculture and waste sectors.

Iceland includes methane and HFCs in its overall mitigation target of “50–55 per cent net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2035 compared to 2005”, in sectors covered by the scope of the EU’s Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR): road transport, energy production, fisheries, product use, agriculture and waste management.

Indonesia pledges to reduce its emissions by 31.89% (unconditionally) to 43.20% (conditionally) by 2030 compared to the Business-as-Usual scenario. The mitigation target include methane, nitrous oxide and HFCS, covering five key sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Waste, Agriculture, and Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU). 

Iraq’s NDC includes methane and nitrous oxide within the scope of its overall mitigation target. The NDC formally identifies short-lived climate pollutants as a national priority area and designates the oil and gas, energy, and waste sectors as the principal sources requiring targeted SLCP mitigation.

In the oil and gas sector, priority SLCP measures include strengthening methane monitoring, leak detection and repair (LDAR), reducing routine flaring, closing non-compliant facilities, and installing vapour-recovery units. In the waste sector, methane mitigation is addressed through landfill-gas capture, improved waste-management systems, recycling, and waste-to-energy initiatives. Open waste burning - identified in the NDC as a source of particulates and methane - is included within the SLCP-priority actions.  

In the transport sector, Iraq outlines actions to lower pollutant emissions, including expansion of public transport (rail and Bus Rapid Transit), fuel-efficiency standards, and increased deployment of electric vehicles and LPG-fuelled vehicles.  

The NDC links air pollution with health consequences, noting rising dust and sandstorms, reduced air quality, and associated respiratory and psychological health burdens. It highlights the need to reduce pollutant exposure, particularly in vulnerable communities.  

Jamaica intends to reduce emissions by 16.3% by 2030 and 16.9% by 2035 (compared to 2012 levels). Jamaica’s overall mitigation target includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs and covers the energy and industrial sectors as well as land and land use change.

Jordan’s overall mitigation target includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs. Jordan aims to achieve its overall target by addressing emissions from power generation, with a focus on scaling up renewable energy, transport (especially e-mobility), and improvement waste management and agriculture practices.

The NDC also notes the encouragement of “clean air and clean cooking initiatives around health and education facilities to reduce local pollution and improve child respiratory health.”

Lebanon’s overall mitigation target includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide across the energy, industrial, agriculture and waste sectors.  

The NDC notes how “air pollution, intensified by higher temperatures and wildfire smoke, is worsening respiratory conditions such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), increasing hospital admissions.”

Liberia’s overall mitigation target includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs, and covers the energy, transport, agriculture, waste and industrial sectors. The overall mitigation target also includes tropospheric ozone precursors non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as sulphur dioxide (SO2)

In the industrial sector Liberia commits to a 20 percent HFC reduction by 2035, explicitly referencing the Kigali Amendment and a national HFC tax. Agriculture measures such as low-emission rice cultivation, organic fertilizers, and improved livestock management, will reduce methane and nitrous oxide in line with Liberia’s National Methane Roadmap (2024).  

In the transport sector, measures include cleaner bus fleets, and adoption of Euro VI emission standards – measures that will have co-benefits for air quality. Liberia also outlines its ambition to, by 20230, include short-lived climate pollutants in its next national inventory.

Liechtenstein’s overall mitigation target includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs across the energy, industry, agriculture and waste sectors.  

Mitigation measures are implemented through existing legislation, including the CO₂ Act, the Energy Efficiency Act, and the Emissions Trading Act, which establish carbon pricing, fuel-efficiency standards, and participation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. Actions include improving building insulation, switching to district heating and heat pumps, electrifying transport, and promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy use. Agriculture and waste are identified as smaller sources where further reductions are planned.

Mauritius’ NDC includes methane and nitrous oxide through quantified mitigation targets in the agriculture and waste sectors, such as a 10% reduction from animal waste and an estimated 43.8 Gg CO₂e reduction potential in wastewater management. The NDC highlights Mauritius’ commitment to the Kigali Amendment, with HFC phasedown targets of 10% by 2029, 30% by 2030, and 80% by 2045. Air pollution is mentioned as a co-benefit of decarbonisation in the transport and port sectors.

The Maldives has committed in its new NDC to reduce 1.52 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions by 2035, about 25% of their projected emissions in a baseline scenario. To achieve this, they have more than doubled their renewable electricity generation target from 15% to 33% of electricity production. Achieving this will also reduce black carbon and other air pollutants from the diesel generators currently providing emissions. 

Clean air benefits will also result from the measures identified for road transport, including switching to electric vehicles, improving public transport and implementing vehicle emission standards. The CCAC has supported the Maldives through development of a National Action Plan on air pollutants and cost-benefit analyses to understand the clean air benefits of these actions in the transport sector. The Maldives also highlighted links between air quality and adaptation, noting growing concerns about the impact of transboundary air pollution on water quality and security.

Moldova becomes one of only a few countries with a methane-specific target in its NDC. Moldova commits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 75% by 2035 compared to 1990 levels, and to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Moldova highlights their participation in the Global Methane Pledge (GMP) and outlines that achieving its overall GHG target will also reduce its methane emissions by 64% by 2030 and by 68% by 2035 compared to 1990 levels. This target is equivalent to it reducing its methane emissions by 11% by 2030 and 21% by 2035 compared to 2020 levels. 

To achieve these reductions, Moldova will need to focus on reducing methane emissions from solid waste, which make up about half of national methane emissions; the energy sector, particularly pipeline leaks, which make up 19% of methane emissions; and livestock, which contributes 18%. Moldova’s NDC could further reduce the rate of warming in the near term through reductions in hydroflurocarbons. The updated NDC outlines that Moldova has legislated to phasedown HFCs according to the Kigali Amendment schedule, and specifically highlights this as an opportunity to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the energy efficiency of refrigeration at the same time. 

Moldova’s NDC is clear about the burden its citizens suffer from exposure to poor air quality, and the opportunity of the NDC to achieve cleaner air. The NDC states that every year up to 3,000 people die early due to air pollution levels Moldova, and highlights results from a World Bank study that estimates that emission reduction efforts in the energy sector alone could reduce particulate matter concentrations by 84% and prevent 4,100 premature deaths by 2050. Because these actions focus only on the energy sector, the true health benefits from Moldova’s NDC are likely higher. 

The air pollution benefits from Moldova’s NDC could play an important role in building public support for climate action. According to a public survey cited in the NDC, while 68% of respondents expressed concern about climate change, only 20% were aware of the Moldovan Government’s efforts to address the issue. The same survey highlighted even higher levels of concern (84% of respondents) about air pollution. Emphasising the NDC’s potential to contribute to cleaner air therefore supports climate action while also addressing other issues of significant concern to citizens.

The Kyrgyz Republic include methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs within the scope of its overall target. While not included in the overall target, the country highlights that it tracks indirect greenhouse gases and precursors, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide(CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and sulphur dioxide (SO₂). 
 

The NDC includes actions to reduce methane emissions from agriculture and waste management, such as improved manure management, expansion of organic farming, and management of organic waste and methane. It references the implementation of the Kigali Amendment through strengthened HFC accounting and phasedown measures in the industrial sector.  

Co-benefits for air quality and health are emphasised through energy efficiency in buildings, gasification, renewable energy development, and promotion of low-emission transport. Adaptation measures also highlight improved air quality, climate-resilient health systems, and sustainable water and wastewater management.  

Malaysia's NDC covers methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in the scope and coverage of its overall target. The NDC highlights measures in the transport, agriculture and waste sector to achieve this target. In particular, Malaysia highlights efforts "to scale up methane capture from solid waste management and industrial wastewater treatment facilities, in line with the global stocktake call to substantially reduce non-CO₂ emissions, particularly methane, by 2030." 

Mauritania’s NDC has an unconditional commitment of 8.1% greenhouse gas emissions reduction compared to BAU and a conditional commitment of 67.23 %. It includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in the overall target.

In order to achieve their target, Mauritania identifies a number of measures. In the agriculture sector, these include the control of ruminant diet which is expected to reduce methane emissions (3,972 GtCO2e in 2023), more efficient use of fertlisers, use of cover crops. In the waste sector measures include production of biogas from municipal solid waste.

The NDC highlights air pollution as an impact of climate change, and the negative impact it has on school children and their families in particular, and air quality improvement as a cobenefit of mitigation. 

Mongolia’s overall mitigation target includes methane and nitrous oxide. Mongolia also highlights its participation in the Global Methane Pledge.

The impact on human health is described as the “greatest negative impact of climate change on society” and “is directly linked to environmental conditions, including clean air”. The NDC notes challenges related to rapid urbanisation and air pollution, including black carbon emissions, waste management, social services, traffic congestion.

Mozambique includes methane and nitrous oxide within the scope of the overall mitigation target in its draft NDC.  

The NDC also highlights Mozambique’s low international ranking in terms of air quality and waste treatment; reinforcing pollution control and sustainable environmental management as a cornerstone on the path towards low-carbon development and increasing Mozambique's resilience to climate change. 

Morocco’s NDC maintains an economy-wide target that covers methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs. Additionally, the target covers tropospheric ozone precursors - nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) – and sulphur dioxide (SO2).  

Morocco’s NDC introduces its National Methane Roadmap to 2050, which has been developed under Morocco’s participation in the Global Methane Pledge. The NDC sets a target to reduce methane emissions by 23.5% by 2030 and 31.7% by 2050 under a moderate scenario, and by up to 36.2% in 2030 and 56.8% in 2050 under an ambitious scenario.

Nepal’s NDC increases transparency on how it aims to achieve its emissions reduction target. The updated NDC of Nepal commits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 27% by 2035 compared to a baseline emissions projection. Nepal’s NDC also provides useful, and detailed, information as to how this goal will be achieved, which in turn allow the impact on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants to be understood. In common with many of the updated NDCs, an upgrade to Nepal’s NDC is the inclusion of sectoral pathways, showing how the overall target will be achieved through reductions in different sectors. For example, achieving Nepal’s NDC will result in emissions from the waste sector being 44% lower in 2035 compared to the baseline – and will require deep cuts in methane emissions. 

Nepal sets a target to reduce the number of air pollution related deaths. The country’s capital Kathmandu,  located in a valley, frequently experiences high pollution episodes and is often reported on as one of the most polluted cities in the world. It is clear that the NDC could achieve substantial air pollution benefits, including a specific target to reduce air pollution-related mortality - to 77 premature deaths per 100,000 people in 2030, and to 60 per 100,000 by 2035. Given that current mortality rates from air pollution are more than 150 premature deaths per 100,000, according to the Global Burden of Disease, these targets would more than halve air pollution’s health burden in Nepal, transforming public health. 
 

The NDC includes specific actions and targets that can help achieve its air quality goal alongside greenhouse gas emission reductions. By 2035 Nepal aims to have 2.1 million households cooking using electricity, 1 million households using improved efficiency biomass stoves, which will both contribute to substantial improvements in household air pollution. By, 2035, Nepal aims to have 95% of private vehicles sales being battery electric, reducing greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions from transport. Finally, Nepal explicitly acknowledges the necessity for its climate plans to achieve other benefits, including for air pollution. To achieve, this, it states that during NDC implementation, ‘co-impact’ analyses will be conducted to ensure that these co-benefits are also being achieved. The Climate and Clean Air Coalition has developed guidance that can be used to monitor climate change plans to ensure they are also achieving reductions in Short-Lived Climate Pollutants, air pollutants and public health. 

Nicaragua’s overall mitigation target includes methane, nitrous oxide, and for the first time HFC emissions. It notes “the strategic objective of the regulation is to ensure the preservation of the ozone layer and mitigate climate change by limiting the use of substances with high global warming potential, such as HFCs.”

Nigeria’s overall target covers methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs. In addition the NDC explicitly refer to short-lived climate pollutants noting that it addresses SLCP mitigation in several measures and actions.

These measures include phasing out of routine flaring and reduction of fugitive emissions in the oil and gas industry, adoption of renewables and cleaner fossil fuels under fuel combustion, reduction of enteric fermentation, and improved manure management, Systems Rice Intensification, reducing biomass burning, and improved solid and wastewater treatment.  

The NDC notes that “as a party to the Global Methane Pledge, Nigeria has committed to eliminate routine flaring by 2030 and to reduce fugitive emissions from leaks in the oil and gas industry by 95% by 2050.”

Nigeria highlights the contribution of SLCPs to near-term warming and linkins their mitigation to improved air quality. The NDC estimates that over 21,000 premature deaths could be avoided annually as a result of reduced PM2.5 concentrations, with avoided mortality valued at $6–9 billion.

Pakistan includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide in its overall mitigation target.  

Pakistan emphasises its commitment under the Kigali amendment, which guides mitigation actions to reduce direct and indirect emissions from the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning sector through energy-efficient and environment-friendly cooling technologies.  

Pakistan references the National Clean Air Policy (NCAP-2023) and notes measures such as the reduction of crop burning, which will improve air quality.

Panama included methane mitigation within the scope of its overall target. In the agriculture sector, measures include improved nutrient and nitrogen management, implementation of the NAMA for rice and livestock, and sustainable production practices that reduce methane intensity. In waste, policies aim to decrease per-capita waste generation and increase recycling and circular-economy measures, reducing landfill methane emissions.

Panama also commits to implementing the Kigali Amendment Roadmap and the National Cooling Plan, promoting refrigerant substitution and modernization of cooling systems to phase down HFCs.

Panama also highlights that mitigation and adaptation actions can generate “positive impacts such as improved air quality and public health.”

Paraguay’s NDC sets a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in 2035 as compared to BAU projections. Methane and HFCs are included in this overall target.  

Paraguay highlights a National Strategy for SLCPs which promotes the implementation of cost-effective and high-impact mitigation measures, prioritising actions in key sectors such as transportation, agriculture, energy, and waste. The NDC notes that the implementation of this strategy will generate immediate climate, health, and environmental benefits, improve air quality and contribute to the commitments made under the Paris Agreement.

Paraguay aims to reduce the consumption of HFCs through freezing and reduction of domestic imports, with the objective of achieving the obligations established in Law No. 6125/18, which approves Paraguay’s ratification of the Kigali Amendment. 

Peru commits to limiting its greenhouse gas emissions to no more than 179 MtCO₂e in 2035. The scope of the mitigation target covers methane, nitrous oxide, and HFCs.  

Methane mitigation measures include participation in the Global Methane Pledge and actions to reduce emissions from waste through improved public policies for minimisation, recovery and disposal; biogas capture and utilisation in landfills; and energy generation from wastewater treatment plants. In agriculture, measures include shifting rice cultivation to permanent crops and applying intermittent dry techniques.

Peru has also adopted regulatory measures to reduce HFC consumption, with planned reductions of 30% by 2035 and 80% by 2045, in line with the Kigali Amendment of the Montreal Protocol.  

Russia’s overall greenhouse gas mitigation target covers all IPCC sectors and greenhouse gases, including methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs.

Rwanda includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs within the scope and coverage of its overall mitigation target.  

Rwanda highlights that it priortises the reduction of SLCPs and air quality improvement through vehicle emissions standards, regulate imports and enhance traffic management, adoption of efficient cookstoves to reduce emissions from traditional cooking methods, reduction of enteric fermentation and improved manure management, reduction of HFCs emissions under refrigeration and air conditioning measures, improved solid waste and waste water treatment and national air quality monitoring systems to track air pollutant levels.  

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines overall target covers methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs. CH₄, N₂O, and HFCs - across the energy, transport, industry, agriculture, LULUCF, and waste sectors. Measures highlighted include plans to reduce landfill emissions and develop waste segregation systems, as well as incentives for low-emissions vehicles. The latter would directly yield co-benefits for air quality and reductions in emission of black carbon.

São Tomé and Príncipe covers methane and nitrous oxide in its overall mitigation target. The NDC outlines measures in the electricity and transport sectors, which will have cobenefits for air quality.

South Africa includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs within the scope of its economy-wide mitigation target, covering the energy, transport, industrial, waste, agriculture and land-use sectors.

The NDC outlines a phased decarbonisation trajectory, with a focus on the electricity sector during the 2020s, a combined electricity and transport transition during the 2030s, and wider action in hard-to-mitigate sectors from the 2040s onwards. The NDC highlights socioeconomic considerations in the context of a just transition and notes that mitigation actions are expected to yield air-quality benefits.

The Seychelles also specifically quantifies the methane emission reduction expected in the waste sector under this target, which aims for an 80% reduction in methane emissions by 2035.Due to the national capacity, Seychelles' NDC did not provide details on the mitigation measures in specific sectors. Notably, mobilising international support is one of the priorities to achieve the NDC targets.

Serbia includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in its overall target, covering the energy, industrial, agriculture and waste sectors.

The Solomon Islands sets out how different sectors will contribute to the overall achievement of the target, and specifies the breakdown of pollutants in this overall CO2e target. Methane mitigation in from the livestock subsector and through solid waste management will contribute to 2.4 ktCO2e/yr  and 35.8 ktCO2e/yr of mitigation respectively.

Somalia’s overall target addresses methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide.  

Methane is identified as the largest contributor to national emissions (49%), primarily from livestock, manure management, and waste. The NDC outlines several measures that will reduce methane emissions, including climate-smart agriculture, improved livestock and manure management, rangeland restoration, and waste-to-energy initiatives.

HFCs are addressed under the Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) and through a dedicated section on “Advancing Cooling Solutions.” Somalia commits to phasing down high-GWP refrigerants and improving energy efficiency in cooling systems, in line with the Kigali Amendment and the Global Cooling Pledge adopted at COP 28.

Air quality is not explicitly mentioned, but measures such as the promotion of clean cooking fuels and technologies, improved cookstoves, sustainable charcoal production, and the reduction of open burning are likely to yield black carbon and air pollutant emissions reductions

Sri Lanka’s overall target addresses methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide, and includes detailed descriptions of the measures to achieve the overall mitigation target.  The NDC recognises the importance of methane reduction measures in the waste sector, such as solid waste landfill methane capture and methane-to-energy projects in wastewater treatment.  

Air quality is mostly considered as a co-benefit of climate mitigation measures. However, notably, climate mitigation has been considered as a co-benefit of one air pollution measure -  the Vehicle Emission Testing (VET) programme - originally designed to address urban air pollution has led to a reduction in CO2.

Thailand includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide in its overall mitigation target.  

Measures are identified across the energy, transport, IPPU, agriculture and waste sectors.  Measures such as alternate wetting and drying and landfill gas capture and utilisation are expected to reduce methane emissions, while reducing stubble burning will reduce emissions of black carbon. 

Tonga’s NDC covers methane and nitrous oxide in the scope of its overall greenhouse gas mitigation target.  

Tonga includes measures to address methane including the introduction of low-methane livestock management programmes, including improved breeding, nutrition, vaccination, and sustainable manure management. In the waste sector, actions include expanding community composting, establishing a national waste database, and upgrading landfills with leachate and gas-monitoring systems to reduce methane from organic waste decomposition.

While HFCs are not covered by the overall target, their emissions are addressed through measures in the industrial (IPPU) sector. Tonga commits to a 30 percent reduction in HFC imports by 2035, consistent with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Measures include establishing a centralized IPPU emissions database, implementing customs-based reporting and quotas, and transitioning to low-GWP refrigerants.

Tunisia’s preliminary NDC includes methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs in its overall mitigation target. It includes methane measures in the waste and agriculture sectors, such as improved management and treatment systems, and productivity improvements and sustainable land use respectively.

Türkiye includes methane, HFCs and nitrous oxide under its economy-wide mitigation target, which covers all IPCC gases.  

The NDC reaffirms commitment to the Kigali Amendment, highlighting HFC phasedown measures such as licensing, leakage prevention and quota systems for 2023–2024.

The NDC notes integration of climate and air-quality objectives, referencing the Clean Air Action Subsidising Framework Program and the By-Law on Management of Industrial Emissions (effective December 2025). These frameworks aim to reduce both greenhouse gases and air pollutants simultaneously. 

Tuvalu’s overall mitigation target covers methane and nitrous oxide. In addition the target covers tropospheric ozone precursors carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) as well as sulphur dioxide (SO2).  

Methane emissions are addressed through measures including: biogas and waste-to-energy systems, manure management, and scaling up domestic biogas digesters for livestock and piggery waste. Waste-sector measures include composting programs, recycling, hazardous-waste management, and exploring e-waste and circular-economy opportunities to reduce methane and co-pollutant emissions.

Ukraine’s NDC sets a greenhouse gas mitigation target of 65% below 1990 levels by 2030, with alignment to climate neutrality by 2050. This target covers all Kyoto Basket gases including methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs.

The NDC reaffirms commitments to renewable-energy expansion, energy-efficiency measures, coal phase-out, reduced fossil-fuel use, deployment of low-emission technologies and reductions in non-CO₂ gases, in particular methane.  

Uzbekistan’s NDC 3.0 targets a 50% reduction in GHG emissions per unit of GDP by 2035 relative to 2010, covering methane, nitrous oxide and HFCs across all major sectors. The target is economy-wide and unconditional.

The NDC introduces highlights that “rapid and targeted reduction of methane and other SLCPs can decrease warming by 0.5°C by 2050.” Uzbekistan also notes its participation in the Global Methane Pledge, reaffirming its commitment to methane reduction.

Key mitigation measures include expansion of renewable energy, railway electrification, public-transport development, cleaner vehicles in the energy and transport sectors, manure-to-biogas and pasture rehabilitation in agriculture, and methane capture and recycling in the waste sector. 

Vanuatu includes methane and nitrous oxide in its overall mitigation target, covering the energy, transport, agriculture, waste and industrial sectors.

Methane is addressed primarily through measures in the agriculture and waste sectors. In agriculture, actions focus on reducing enteric and manure emissions through improved livestock productivity, rotational grazing, and agroforestry and silvo-pastoral systems that enhance carbon sinks and lower methane intensity. In the waste sector, methane abatement is targeted through expanded composting, anaerobic biodigesters, improved landfill management, and waste diversion from open burning and disposal sites.

Venezuela's NDC establishes an overall greenhouse gas mitigation target of a 20% below BAU by 2030, which includes methane, HFCs, nitrous oxide as well as tropospheric ozone precursors and sulphur dioxide. The NDC also details packages of 37 sets of mitigation measures which each include quantified activity and/or mitigation targets which include, where applicable, methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, and tropospheric ozone precursors (in CO2e).  

Addressing air pollution and improving public health are co-benefits of a number of specific measures such as the transition to renewables and measures in the transport sector. The packages of measures also include detailed analysis of the legal mechanisms, implementing entities, MRV indicators, timebound implementation plans, implementation costs and needs for financing for each measure. 

The provisional NDC of Zambia commits to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 25% unconditionally, and 47% conditionally compared to a business as usual scenario. These targets are overall greenhouse gas reduction targets, but methane, hydrofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide are considered within the scope of these targets, alongside other greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. The inclusion of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants like methane and HFCs that are also GHGs, as well as nitrous oxide, within the scope of a NDC greenhouse gas target is an important starting point to action on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants. It means that the Government is incentivised to implement actions to reduce these SLCPs, because their reduction will contribute to achieving their climate change mitigation commitment. Zambia is a net carbon sink, because of the carbon its forests and other vegetation sequesters every year. When these sinks are excluded, 63% of the remaining GHG emissions are methane. Reducing methane therefore needs to be a key component of its climate change mitigation strategy if it is to achieve the greenhouse gas reduction target it has set.

Zambia’s updated NDC 3.0 expands sectoral coverage to ten sectors, adding tourism, IPPU, green buildings and water security to those previously included. This broadening supports a move towards an economy-wide approach. The NDC references methane and black carbon as SLCPs.

The NDC identifies health as a cross-cutting consideration. It notes the relationship between greenhouse gases, air pollution and population health, and highlights leading sectoral sources of PM2.5, black carbon and methane. It also highlights methane’s role as a tropospheric ozone precursor.